What Was the Ecclesia in Sparta

In A History of Greece, to the Death of Alexander the Great, J. B. Bury says the Spartan Assembly or Ecclesia was restricted to Spartiate men of at least 30* years of age, who met when summoned by the Ephors or Gerousia. Their place of meeting, called the skias, refers to a canopy, and possibly the name of a building. They met monthly. Sarah Pomeroy, in Ancient Greece: A Political, Social, and Cultural History, says they met outdoors monthly at the full moon, but this is controversial. They might have met at the new moon and indoors, although since this was before street lights, and since the moon in some aspect comes into the picture—therefore, you have a night scene—Pomeroys position makes sense. We dont know for sure if the ordinary Spartan had the right to debate. Pomeroy says not. Speeches were made by kings, the elders, and ephors. This limits the democratic nature of the Spartan mixed government. The men of the ecclesia could only vote yes or no and if crooked, t heir vote by shouting could be vetoed by the Gerousia. Also Known As:Â  Apella Alternate Spellings:Â  Ekklesia Aristotle on the Spartan Ecclesia Here is what Aristotle has to say about the Spartan Ecclesia (Politics 1273a) The reference of some matters and not of others to the popular assembly rests with the kings in consultation with the Elders in case they agree1 unanimously, but failing that, these matters also lie with the people2; and when the kings introduce business in the assembly, they do not merely let the people sit and listen to the decisions that have been taken by their rulers, but the people have the sovereign decision, and anybody who wishes may speak against the proposals introduced, a right that does not exist under the other constitutions. The appointment by co-optation of the Boards of Five which control many important matters, and the election by these boards of the supreme magistracy of the Hundred, and also their longer tenure of authority than that of any other officers for they are in power after they have gone out of office and before they have actually entered upon it are oligarchical features; their receiving no pay and not being chosen by lot and other similar regulations m ust be set down as aristocratic, and so must the fact that the members of the Boards are the judges in all lawsuits, [20] instead of different suits being tried by different courts as at Sparta. But the Carthaginian system diverges from aristocracy in the direction of oligarchy most signally in respect of a certain idea that is shared by the mass of mankind; they think that the rulers should be chosen not only for their merit but also for their wealth, as it is not possible for a poor man to govern well or to have leisure for his duties. If therefore election by wealth is oligarchical and election by merit aristocratic, this will be a third system exhibited in the organization of the constitution of Carthage, for there elections are made with an eye to these two qualifications, and especially elections to the most important offices, those of the kings and of the generals. But it must be held that this divergence from aristocracy is an error on the part of a lawgiver; for one of the most important points to keep in view from the outset is that the best citizens may be able to have leisure and may not have to engage in any unseemly occupation, not only when in office but also when living in private life. And if it is necessary to look to the question of means for the sake of leisure, it is a bad thing that the greatest offices of state, the kingship and the generalship, should be for sale. For this law makes wealth more honored than worth, and renders the whole state avaricious; and whatever the holders of supreme power deem honorable, the opinion of the other citizens also is certain to follow them, and a state in which virtue is not held in the highest honor.... * There are different opinions on this subject. Some modern writers say 18; some 30, and going from Cartledges 2003 The Spartans, it could even be 20. Here is what Cartledge writes: What was this damos or Assembly? In Classical times it consisted of all adult male Spartan warrior citizens, those who were of legitimate Spartan birth, who had been through the prescribed state upbringing, who had been selected to join a military-style mess, and who both were economically capable of meeting their minimum contributions of produce to their mess and had been guilty of some act of cowardice or other disqualifying public crime or misdemeanour. Kennells Spartans: A New History, says that once a hebon (for ten years, up to age 30), a Spartan became a Spartiate and eligible for the sussition. This is significant because adult male Spartan citizens are said to have been members of the Assembly, so if theyre deemed Spartiates they should be members. Sources Bury, John Bagnell. A History of Greece to the Death of Alexander the Great. Classic Reprint, Paperback, Forgotten Books, October 20, 2017. Spartan ReflectionsBy Paul Cartledge Aspects of Greek history, 750-323 BC: A Source-Based ApproachBy Terry Buckley Ancient Sparta: A Re-Examination of the EvidenceBy Kathleen Mary Tyrer Chrimes Atkinson. SpartaBy Humfrey Michell Pomeroy, Sarah B. Ancient Greece: A Political, Social, and Cultural History. Stanley M. Burstein, Walter Donlan, et al., 4th Edition, Oxford University Press, July 3, 2017.

How The Collapse Of Our Agriculture Effects The Entire World

Eating Fossil Fuels made me realize how lazy our country is in general. Many things we consume today are eating away our insides without even knowing. This book provided efficient evidence to our failing food market, oil industry, population overcrowding, etc. Additionally, I realized how the collapse of our agriculture effects the entire world, and how no one seems to care about it. I will explain how certain circumstances relate to my life and add opinions to certain sections of the book that caught my eye. â€Å"As our global population reaches 50% urban, there is an urgent need to return food, fiber and materials production to the cities. The U.S urban population is currently highly food insecure due to a lack of local food production and networks† Personally, this is a huge issue that needs to be addressed. As the population is rising, the country needs to have facilities efficiently producing enough food to feed the areas. This quote given in the introduction opened my eyes to harsh reality. It states â€Å"We are dependent on the energy of oil and natural gas to seed our crops, maintain them, harvest them, process them, and transport them to market.† What happens when Oil is gone? What are our alternative options? Food process and distribution relies strictly from oil. We’ve known for years that oil is running low and we still have yet to figure out an efficient substitute. Adding into this topic â€Å"Hunger is not caused from lack of food, but from a lack o f access to food.† ThatShow MoreRelatedThe Plight of Bees Essay1679 Words   |  7 Pageshave survived on this planet for fifty million years. This species of bee is responsible for pollinating flowers, grass, trees and crops around the world. Much of the food we eat is dependent on honey bees for pollination. Our ecosystem depends on the survival of the honey bee. 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Analysis of the controversial scene of Neils death Essay Example For Students

Analysis of the controversial scene of Neils death Essay Smith) and into their car. Neil, in his fathers point of view is displaying his arrogance by disobeying his father by taking part I the school play when he was instructed not to. But in Nils point of view he is fulfilling his own ambitions of becoming an actor and what he truly enjoys. When they arrived home, father and son had a discussion about Nils future in other words the father dictated Nils on what he is going to do with his future, the reason being that they were not a wealthy family. Nils father wanted him to attend a very prestigious university known as Harvard, but Neil had there ideas. He wanted to further explore the world of acting and chose a career path of an actor. Mr.. Perry would not yield to Nils protests that that choice was his to make, but eventually fell silent in defeat. In this section, the camera alternatively changes from Neil to his father as they argue, and most of the time, close up shots are used. There is a very high probability that this confrontation with his father will have had a subsequent effect on Nils decision to commit suicide. After this event Neil makes way to his room and after undressing prepares to sleep, but little did his father know hat after he had slept his son was still wide awake deep in thought. His clothes are placed in his bed, neatly folded. This gives him the appearance of a military member, everything clean and ordered, suggesting that Neil life is not under his own control but under the control of his parents because they are the ones who are making all the major decisions in his life for him. In other words the parents prevent him from being a free thinker like Mr.. We will write a custom essay on Analysis of the controversial scene of Neils death specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Keating encourages him to be. At this point in the movie, an eerie vibrant music had initiated. The music contained a holy tune like that in a church and sounded very much like bees humming. This music gave the viewer the impression that a very important event in the movie was about to take place in the Perry residence that night. Neil gets up when Mr.. And Mrs.. Perry are asleep. Other than the suspicious music, there was total and absolute silence, not even the sounds of nightlife. The silence symbolizes inability to speak out and stand up for your rights. Neil is not standing up for his desire to act, but Just concedes defeat to his father when he is being dictated. He then puts on his crown made of thorn that he wore for his school play, opens the window, naked and stares at emptiness, wearing a very dazed expression. When he is wearing the crown, the panning technique is used, moving from the neatly folded clothes to his face, adding extreme close up so that the viewer can distinguish his expression clearly. Subsequent to this, he walks down the stairs and into another room, which contained a painting of a dragon in one of its walls. As he walks down the stairs, he is only seen as a shadowy fugue because all the lights in the house are off, his features invisible and only a black-grey mass in the emptiness. As he walks on a chin of light filtered through the windows illuminates his facial features. The light shining on his face sakes him appear god like, comparing him to Jesus Christ. Dragons, described in mythology as ferocious monstrosities could symbolize death, bad endings and tragedy. This symbol might suggest that Nils life will contain a colossal tragedy. .ua21a97e85ccf011777a791f02cec6195 , .ua21a97e85ccf011777a791f02cec6195 .postImageUrl , .ua21a97e85ccf011777a791f02cec6195 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua21a97e85ccf011777a791f02cec6195 , .ua21a97e85ccf011777a791f02cec6195:hover , .ua21a97e85ccf011777a791f02cec6195:visited , .ua21a97e85ccf011777a791f02cec6195:active { border:0!important; } .ua21a97e85ccf011777a791f02cec6195 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua21a97e85ccf011777a791f02cec6195 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua21a97e85ccf011777a791f02cec6195:active , .ua21a97e85ccf011777a791f02cec6195:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua21a97e85ccf011777a791f02cec6195 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua21a97e85ccf011777a791f02cec6195 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua21a97e85ccf011777a791f02cec6195 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua21a97e85ccf011777a791f02cec6195 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua21a97e85ccf011777a791f02cec6195:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua21a97e85ccf011777a791f02cec6195 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua21a97e85ccf011777a791f02cec6195 .ua21a97e85ccf011777a791f02cec6195-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua21a97e85ccf011777a791f02cec6195:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Analysis Of The New York Poets EssayHe then makes his way to his parents room, still cloaked in shadow and opens the door leading into the room. The extreme focus shot is used on the handle when Neil turns is, possibly to convey the idea of unlocking his way to peace and freedom. The camera then focuses on a clock in the room, a gain using extreme close up technique. The ticking clock symbolizes on time running out for Neil. It is suggesting that Neil does not have much more time alive. After entering the parents room, he makes for a cupboard near the bed. He then opens it with a key. Again this symbolizes unlocking the exit and search for a way out of his misery. He then takes out a gun that is folded in white cloth. The white represents holiness, again linking him with Jesus Christ. After this, the is suddenly a gap in the events following Neil extracting a gun from the parents cupboard. The person that appears I the scene is not Neil but it is his father, suddenly awoken by an ear splitting gunshot. The father acts as if he is irritated and interrupted in his sleep, not knowing what had Just occurred. This shows that he does not know how Nils mind works and is oblivious to the fact that his son is in serious mental harm. After Mr.. Perry wakes up, he lights a lantern, comparable to that of a church and still relying on the old ways. He sets off around the house, searching for the source of the gunshot and along the way turning all the lights that were off before Neil committed suicide on. He then enters Nils room and finds the crown composed of thorn placed near the window. He then hurries along the same path that was taken by Neil and goes into the study. The room is misty, covered in gunpowder, making Mr.. Perry extremely suspicious. A panning camera technique is used to move from a window across the room to Nils hand, resting like a cross against the gun. The room that Neil committed suicide, upon close inspection is contains a lot of crosses. Firstly, the grills on the window is completely covered with crosses and secondly Nils hand and the gun making a cross. The crosses symbolize Jesus Christ and these crosses convey that Nils life, like Jesus Christ who was baptized, was fro the beginning of the movie, destined to end in tragedy.

The Uglies Essay free essay sample

I think that the book The Uglies is very similar to our generation now. In the book you are judged by your appearances, teens consider themselves awkward and ugly. They also think that the adults do not understand what they go through as kids, and everything is different from when they were that age. This is exactly how our generation is now. The book takes place in the future, they have hover boards, and their whole life is based around â€Å"the operation†, but besides all of that there isn’t a huge difference between our world now and The Uglies. I think that The Uglies is similar to our generation now because people only care about their appearance and how others see them. The only thing our generation is worried about is our physical appearance; it is all superficial, similar to how the pretties are viewed. â€Å"There was a certain kind of beauty, a prettiness that everyone could see. We will write a custom essay sample on The Uglies Essay or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Big eyes and full lips like a kids; smooth, clear skin; symmetrical features; and a thousand other little clues. Somewhere in the backs of their minds, people were always looking for these markers†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I think that they created the operation based on a belief that without it they were ugly. â€Å"She thought of the orchids spreading across the plains below, choking the life out of other plants, out of the soil itself, selfish and unstoppable. Tally Youngblood was a weed. And, unlike the orchids, she wasnt even a pretty one. † (232) Tally is battling what all teenagers today are facing, and that is low self esteem. I think the only reason she feels this way is due to how her society’s view of outer beauty. No one in this book valued inner beauty. â€Å"Shed been an ugly for four years, but a few extra days had brought home to her exactly what the word really meant. Tally peered into her mirror all day, noting every flaw, every deformity. Her thin lips pursed with unhappiness. Her hair grew even frizzier because she kept running her hands through it in frustration. A trio of zits exploded across her forehead, as if marking the days since her sixteenth birthday. Her watery, too-small eyes glared back at her, full of anger. This quote from the book shows how critical Tally is of herself. This is a direct result of the effects of her â€Å"society’s† definition of beauty. We can see aspects of this in our world today. Look at the cosmetic industry and all the products that are available to â€Å"correct† the flaws that society says we have. Plastic surgery is a growing industry in our world. They are coming up with new surgeries every year to fix what we think is imperfect about our appearances. All this just to fit in with the new expectations that we assume will make us acceptable. Think how mundane our world would be if we were all programmed the same, like they are in The Uglies. Where would the individuality be? What would happen to our future and a society? Would â€Å"the operation† wipe out or alter our future scientist, astronauts, physicians, and therefore alter our future indefinitely? I believe that it would change everything and our world would no longer be unique. We would no longer have aspirations or motivation to forge our own way.